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Modern day Bible expositors mostly teach that the seven trumpets introduced in Revelation chapter 8 denote events yet in the future. 

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In times past, the explanation of the seven trumpets was generally accepted as picturing a sequence of seven major events since the time of Christ. It is my purpose to show that this interpretation is correct. However, contrary to previously espoused explanations, I believe that the details of this prophecy give abundant indications that these seven historical events all concern Jerusalem, the city of God.

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This article will show that the seven trumpets picture respectively:

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1) The Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70AD 

(following the First Jewish Revolt)

2) The rebuilding of Jerusalem as a Gentile Roman city in the second century, and the subsequent Second Jewish Revolt a.k.a the Bar Kokhba War  

(Jerusalem was at this time renamed Aelia Capitolina. Israel was called Syria Palaestina)

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3) The "Christianisation" of Jerusalem, begun by Constantine in the fourth century

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4) The Islamisation of Jerusalem, following Omar's conquest in the seventh century

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5) The Crusader conquests and battles over Jerusalem, from the late 11th century until the middle of the 13th century

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6) The World Wars, the Holocaust, and the subsequent return of the Jews to Israel and Jerusalem in the 20th century

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7) The return of Christ to Jerusalem

 

It has been debated whether the seven trumpets are part of the seventh seal on the prophetic scroll unsealed by Christ in Revelation, or instead are totally separate from it. The logical conclusion must be that the trumpets together constitute the seventh seal, because the purpose of the removal of the seals is to reveal the sealed prophecies of Scripture, which are those of the book of Daniel (Dan 12:4 and 12:9). This is explained on the page "THE REAL SEVEN SEALS".

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The first six seals describe the general conditions that would prevail. However, they do not of themselves unseal the full extent of the prophecies.

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It is the passage of time involved with the seven trumpets that fully reveals the meaning of Daniel's prophecies.

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Therefore the seven trumpets must constitute the seventh seal.

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The Scriptures are a record of history. What is not covered by history is covered by prophecy, so that people need not lose their place in the Biblical timeline. We see this principle in the seven Church eras, in the seven heads of the Beast, and also in the seven trumpets of the seventh seal. 

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Absolutely crucial to understanding these prophecies is knowing that the focus of God and His word is on Israel. More specifically, His focus is on Jerusalem. In Rev 5 it is stated that only Jesus Christ, "the Lion of the tribe of Judah", was able to loosen the seals of the prophecy. It has been commonly taught in the Church that Christ did this loosening or revealing of the seals in His Olivet prophecy. I totally agree with this.

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However, what has of late failed to be taught is that the Olivet prophecy is a Jerusalem focused prophecy.

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The Olivet prophecy begins with the apostles asking a question about the buildings on the Temple Mount. Christ responds by saying that not one stone of these will be left on top of another. The Temple of course is in Jerusalem. Christ goes on to talk about Jerusalem being surrounded by armies and Jerusalem being destroyed. He speaks of "those in Judaea" fleeing. This is the area surrounding Jerusalem. He says that there will be great distress upon "the land" and "this people" (Lk 21:23), meaning Israel and the Jews, not the world. Christ continues in the same vein with: "Jerusalem will be trodden down by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled". This is not about the Gentiles trampling down Gentile lands; Gentiles have always trampled down Gentile lands. The times of the Gentiles were the 2520 years during which Jerusalem was given over to the Gentiles in punishment for the sins of the Jews. These years came to an end in the 20th century with Satan's climactic last stand, the Holocaust, after which the Jews were given back their country and their capital city, Jerusalem. The Olivet prophecy concludes with the return of Christ, which other prophecies show will be a return to Jerusalem. (We must understand that the word "earth", in prophecies like the Olivet prophecy, more often than not refers to the earth of Israel, the land that God set apart from the Gentile lands in the third millennium. See the page "THE SEVEN DAY BLUEPRINT" for an explanation of this).

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The first four seals on the Rev 5 scroll are conditions that would afflict the Holy Land. Seals five and six would affect God's people wherever they were located.

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These are:

 

Seal 1) False religion

Seal 2) War and violence

Seal 3) Famine and poverty

Seal 4) Untimely death

Seal 5) Persecution of the faithful people of God who accept Christ (true Christians)

Seal 6) Punishment of the unfaithful people of God who reject Christ (the Jews)

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This leads us to Seal 7: Seven successive major events in the history of Jerusalem.

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In the Olivet prophecy the first six trumpets of the seventh seal are summed up by Christ as "Jerusalem shall be trodden down by the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled" (Luke 21:24).

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As there is such an abundance of figurative language used here in regard to the trumpets and elsewhere in Revelation, I feel that a legend of commonly used phrases will be helpful:

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Seas - seas in prophecy usually denote the Gentile nations (Rev 17:15).

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Earth - earth in prophecy usually signifies either Israel as a whole, or parts of Israel (see THE SEVEN DAY BLUEPRINT, specifically the third day of Creation, when the earth was separated from the seas, signifying Israel's creation and its separation from the nations in the third millennium).

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Heaven - heaven in prophecy often denotes Jerusalem. The "third heaven" is where God resides in the heavens. Jerusalem is where He resides on Earth, making it heaven on earth.

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Trees - trees usually signify the people of God. Throughout Scripture Israel is compared to a fig tree, a vine, an olive tree etc. The parables are full of this imagery. Trees were created on the earth on the third day, symbolising the people of Israel being created in the third millennium.

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Grass - grass or vegetation are also often indicators of the people of God, also created on the Earth on the third day.

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Ships - ships commonly denote the people of God. They (are meant to) navigate the seas, i.e. give direction to the Gentiles. Ships are frequently used in Scripture to show a leadership position: ships ride and travel the seas, which picture the Gentiles (Rev 17:15). Think of the Apostles on their ship being buffeted by a storm until Christ subdued it. This is an exact type of the work Christ was sending the Apostles to do. They would, as Christ's appointed Church leaders, travel to all manner of unbelievers and suffer greatly in the process, but Christ would be with them, subduing the opposition.

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Sun, Moon and Stars - in prophecy these usually signify the House of Israel, both physical and spiritual. Joseph's dream in Gen 37 clearly identifies them as denoting the physical family of Jacob, a type of the spiritual family of God: Christ, His bride and children. See "THE SEVEN DAY BLUEPRINT" for more on this.

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Rivers and Springs - frequently denote the pure teachings of God, which are meant to flow from the people of God. 

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Men - depends on the context of the prophecy. In the seals, which unseal Daniel's prophecies regarding "thy people and thy holy city" (Dan 9:24), it refers to the physical men God is working with, those who have retained the knowledge of their relationship with Him, i.e. the Jews. In the account of the seven plagues it refers specifically to Gentiles on the receiving end of God's plagues. When talking about all humanity, God uses phrases like "every tribe and tongue and people and nation" (Rev 5:9).

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With this information, let's look at all seven trumpets and the prophecies of Daniel they unseal and reveal.

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Rev 8:1 When He opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven (heaven on earth - Jerusalem) for about half an hour (the period between Christ's death and the onset of the destruction of Judah and Jerusalem, a period of about 37 inclusive years, from 31AD until 67AD. The Roman invasion under Vespasian began in 67AD, but an earlier Roman assault had occurred in the latter part of 66AD, as detailed by Josephus).

2 And I saw the seven angels who stand before God, and to them were given seven trumpets. 

3 Then another angel, having a golden censer, came and stood at the altar. He was given much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all the saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne. 

4 And the smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints, ascended before God from the angel’s hand (during this time the Church became established). 

5 Then the angel took the censer, filled it with fire from the altar, and threw it to the earth (of Israel). And there were noises, thunderings, lightnings, and an earthquake (signifying war).

6 So the seven angels who had the seven trumpets prepared themselves to sound.

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The First Trumpet

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The destruction of Jerusalem in 70AD, after a four month siege by the Romans, in response to the First Jewish Revolt.

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7 The first angel sounded: And hail (stones fired by catapults) and fire followed (burning of the city), mingled with blood (wholesale massacre upon its capture), and they (the hail and fire) were thrown to the earth (here meaning specifically Jerusalem - the centre of the earth (Eze 5:5) - and its inhabitants); and a third of the earth was burnt up (a third of the inhabitants were killed in the siege, through famine, pestilence and factional violence), and a third of the trees were burned up (another third was killed in the capture of the city), and all green grass was burned up (i.e. in this location: Jewish life in Jerusalem ceased after the entire city was levelled to the ground. Josephus estimated the total number of Jewish casualties as 1.1 million - The Jewish War 6.9.3).

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This concludes and thereby unseals the remainder of the 70 week prophecy of Dan 9:24-27 at the hand of the fourth head of the third beast mentioned in Dan 7:6 (the sixth head overall as described in Rev 13 and 17). The first half of the seventieth week was the three and a half years of Christ's ministry. The second half of the seventieth week was the three and a half year Roman campaign culminating in the destruction of Jerusalem. As Dan 9:26 makes clear: And the people of the prince (Titus) who is to come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary. The end of it shall be with a flood (a flood of troops), and till the end of the war desolations are determined".

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Even more specifically, Christ here reveals the meaning of Dan 8:9-11: "And out of one of them came a little horn (Rome came forth out of the western division of the Greek Empire) which grew exceedingly great toward the south, toward the east, and toward the Glorious Land. And it grew up to the host of heaven (conquered Jerusalem); and it cast down some of the host (Jews) and some of the stars to the ground (Christians), and trampled them. He even exalted himself as high as the Prince of the host (against Christ); and by him the daily sacrifices were taken away, and the place of His sanctuary was cast down (Jerusalem and God's temple were destroyed)".​

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Note that the curses of the sixth seal begin with the "great tribulation" in 67AD. Rev 7 then intervenes showing the protection of the people God is calling as firstfruits. This is exactly the order Christ gives us in the Olivet prophecy. He says "When you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies........" that's when it's time to flee (as pictured by Rev 7). Then the destruction indicated by the first trumpet of the seventh seal follows. 

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The Jews thought they would find refuge in the city. In the 70AD siege however, the Romans bombarded Jerusalem with stones propelled by catapults (hail), burned down the Temple (fire) thereby gaining access to the rest of the city, and slaughtered innumerable numbers of Jews by the sword (blood). "The Jewish War" by Josephus is a must-read to get a grasp of the magnitude of this catastrophe.

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 Take special note of the word "all" here in Rev 8:7. At times in Scripture this word should be understood as "all manner of", "a great many" or "from all over", not necessarily everyone or everything. To see this, compare Mark 1:5 with Luke 7:30. The former verse says that ALL people from Judea and Jerusalem were baptised by John, but the latter verse says that the Pharisees and lawyers were NOT baptised by John, although Matt 15:1 states that Pharisees were living in Jerusalem and resided in Judea. Similarly, in Mark 11:32, the Pharisees reasoned that "all counted John to have been a prophet", but clearly they did not themselves regard him as that.

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Ezekiel chapters 4 and 5 must also be noted in regard to the 70AD destruction of Jerusalem. In Eze 4, the prophet is instructed by God to portray Jerusalem under siege. He is told to lie on one side for 390 days and on his other side for 40 days, and informed that these days picture years of sin. The 390 years are said to pertain to the sins of the House of Israel and the 40 years to the sins of the House of Judah. The 390 years cannot just pertain to the northern Kingdom of Israel which split off from the House of Judah after the death of Solomon, as it only existed for about 245 years. This can be seen on the chart on the "HOME" page. Rather, as also shown there, the 390 years run from Solomon's descent into idolatry until the fall of Jerusalem when Zedekiah was king, and so involve the entire House of Israel. However, that still leaves the 40 years said to be specifically about the House of Judah's sins, that also lead to a siege of Jerusalem as punishment. This is where the 70AD siege comes in. The evidence is striking:

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God knew that when Christ appeared as a human being, He would be rejected by His people and be killed. And, of course, He knew that He would punish them for this. Christ died at Passover in the year 31AD. Josephus records that the final siege in 70AD also began at Passover, exactly 40 inclusive years later. Therefore we see that the Roman siege of Jerusalem also appears to have been prophesied by Ezekiel. Eze 5:2 says "You shall burn with fire one third in the midst of the city, when the days of the siege are finished; then you shall take one third and strike around it with the sword, and one third you shall scatter in the wind: I will draw out a sword after them". In verse 12 God elaborates on this and says "One third of you shall die of the pestilence, and be consumed with famine in your midst; and one-third shall fall by the sword all around you; and I will scatter another third to all the winds, and I will draw out a sword after them". This is all remarkably similar language to what we find in Rev 8.

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Note that Eze 5:16-17 mentions "famine", "pestilence", "wild beasts" and "the sword"; the very same four things mentioned in the fourth seal as punishments coming upon Jerusalem!

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Whereas Eze 5:1-8 seems to be referring to the fall of Jerusalem in Nebuchadnezzar's time, Eze 5:9 states "I will do among you what I have never done, and the like of which I will never do again, because of all your abominations". This must be referring to 70AD, when taken in context with Christ's Olivet statement regarding that time, where He says "for then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the world until this time, no, nor ever shall be". Again, as stated previously, Christ must here be referring to tribulation in Jerusalem only, the usual focus of prophecy, considering the enormous loss of life in the Flood. 

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The first trumpet of the seventh seal clearly depicts the fall of Jerusalem in 70AD.

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The Second Trumpet

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Jerusalem's rebirth as a pagan city, leading to the Second Jewish Revolt (132-136AD).

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8 Then the second angel sounded: and something like a great mountain (Jerusalem; see for instance Dan 9:16) burning with fire (showing the presence of God, like Mt Sinai burned with fire through God's presence) was thrown into the sea (was turned into a pagan, Gentile city, extinguishing God's "fire"), and a third of the sea became blood (in the resulting war, a third of Roman forces were involved and saw bloodshed; see below).

9 And a third of the living creatures (a third of the Jews) in the sea died, and a third of the ships were destroyed (another third of the Jews, meaning two thirds of the Jews living in the land were killed. Roman historian Dio Cassius, an early third century writer, put the number of Jewish casualties at 580.000).

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This second seal reveals the continuation of Jerusalem's occupation by the Roman Empire, which is the fourth head of the third beast mentioned in Daniel 7:6 (The sixth head overall).

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This prophecy fulfils and unseals the prophecy of Dan 8:12 which says regarding the little horn "Because of rebellion (by the Jews), the host (the Jews) and the daily sacrifice (the place where God's religion was practised) were given over to it (to the Romans). It prospered in everything it did, and truth was thrown to the ground" (and was replaced by the lies of false religion) (NIV 1984).

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Dan 8:13-14 is here partially unsealed in that this event is part of the 2300 year long religious defilement of Jerusalem by its Gentile occupiers, from which it is ultimately "cleansed". This specific defilement is elaborated on in "LOST TRUTHS OF LAODICEA", point 6.

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Christ here also unseals Dan 8:23-24: “And in the latter time of their kingdom (the four divisions of the Greek Empire), when the transgressors (the Jews) have reached their fullness, a king (a kingdom, i.e. Rome) shall arise, having fierce features (full of aggression), who understands sinister schemes. His power shall be mighty, but not by his own power (clearly Satan inspired); he shall destroy fearfully, and shall prosper and thrive; he shall destroy the mighty, and also the holy people" (up until this point Judea still existed, but at this juncture in history it was literally wiped off the map. The 67-70AD campaign had decimated the Jews and sent many into slavery. By the end of the Bar Kokhba war they were completely destroyed as a nation).

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After the 70AD destruction of Jerusalem, Jews continued to live in the land of Israel. Around the year 130AD, the Romans began rebuilding Jerusalem as directed by Emperor Hadrian. Jerusalem was renamed Aelia Capitolina and a pagan temple was constructed on the Temple Mount. In 132AD, Jewish leader Simon Bar Kokhba rebelled against Roman rule and their defilement of the Holy Land and Jerusalem. He initially succeeded, however by 136AD the rebellion had been crushed amid very heavy casualties on both sides. Bar Kokhba was in his day viewed by some Jews as the fulfilment of the promised Messiah of the Seventy Week Prophecy.

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Because so little is taught about this in COG circles, I've quoted below some portions of the article "Bar Kokhba Revolt" on Wikipedia:

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"Following a series of setbacks, Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and troops were brought from as far as the Danube. In 133/4, Severus landed in Judea with a massive army, bringing 3 Legions from Europe (including Legio X Gemina and possibly also Legio IX Hispana), cohorts of additional legions and between 30 and 50 auxiliary units. He took the title of provincial governor and initiated a massive campaign to systematically subdue Judean rebel forces. Severus' arrival almost doubled the number of Roman troops facing the rebels.

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"The size of the Roman army amassed against the rebels was much larger than that commanded by Titus sixty years earlier - nearly one third of the Roman army took part in the campaign against Bar Kokhba. It is estimated that forces from at least 10 Legions participated in Severus' campaign in Judea, including Legio X Fretensis, Legio VI Ferrata, Legio III Gallica, Legio III Cyrenaica, Legio II Traiana Fortis, Legio X Gemina, cohorts of Legio V Macedonica, cohorts of Legio XI Claudia, cohorts of Legio XII Fulminata and cohorts of Legio IV Flavia Felix, along with 30-50 auxiliary units, for a total force of 60,000–120,000 Roman soldiers facing Bar Kokhba's rebels. As noted above, it is plausible that Legio IX Hispana was among the legions Severus brought with him, and that its demise occurred during Severus' campaign, as its disappearance during the second century is often attributed to this war.

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"(Roman historian) Cassius Dio also wrote: "Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore, Hadrian, in writing to the Senate, did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors: 'If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the army are in health.' Some argue that the exceptional number of preserved Roman veteran diplomas from the late 150s and 160s CE indicate an unprecedented conscription across the Roman Empire to replenish heavy losses within military legions and auxiliary units between 133 and 135, corresponding to the revolt." "

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At the conclusion of this war, Jerusalem was no longer officially called Jerusalem. Israel and Judaea no longer existed under those names and the Roman Emperor Hadrian issued coins showing Jerusalem being ploughed like a field. This was Roman symbolism for the establishment of a new city. Jerusalem was rebuilt as a pagan Roman city by the name of Aelia Capitolina, with a Roman temple dedicated to Jupiter erected on the site of the true Temple. Judaea was at this time renamed Syria Palaestina by the Romans, and thus the Jewish province of Christ's time fully ceased to exist.

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The Third Trumpet

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Commencement of Constantinople's "Christian" rule over the Roman Empire, including Jerusalem (324AD).

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10 Then the third angel sounded: And a great star (Satan) fell from heaven (upon Jerusalem), burning like a torch (a false light: false Christianity), and it fell on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water (violated and trampled down the true teachings which were meant to flow from Jerusalem. Approximately a third of all Jews must have been living within the confines of the Roman Empire). 

11 The name of the star is Wormwood (meaning bitterness). A third of the waters became wormwood (false Christianity polluted, made bitter, the living waters of true religion), and many men (referring here to Jews) died from the water, because it was made bitter (died prematurely due to persecution by the forces of false Christianity and its author, Satan the Devil. Traditional Christianity has throughout history displayed a strong animosity and "bitterness" toward Jews).

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This is the continuation of the fourth head of the third beast of Daniel 7:6, now having developed into, and unsealed as, false Christianity.

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This prophecy continues to fulfil and unseal the prophecy of Dan 8:12 which says that the little horn of Dan 8:9, after having grown "exceedlingly great", will "cast down the truth" and "prosper" in this evil.

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It specifically unseals Dan 8:25: "Through his cunning he shall cause deceit to prosper under his rule (a deceitful version of the true Christian religion); and he shall exalt himself in his heart. He shall destroy many in their prosperity ("their" is in italics. He destroys many by succeeding, prospering, in the practice of his false religion). He shall even rise against the Prince of princes" (against Christ, misrepresenting Him with abominable false doctrines and practices). Note that this event comes after the destruction of the Jewish nation, mentioned in verse 24 and covered by the events of Trumpets 1 and 2. 

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Constantine gained full control of the Roman Empire after his final defeat of Licinius at the battle of Chrysopolis in 324AD. Constantine had converted to false Christianity about a decade earlier. From 326 till 328, Constantine's mother, Helena, visited the Holy Land and other areas of Biblical significance, supposedly identifying sacred sites and items. The pagan Roman temple constructed around the time of the Second Jewish Revolt was torn down, and instead the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was erected at the supposed site of Christ's crucifixion. Other churches were also constructed and supposed relics were identified.

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In many respects, the adoption of false Christianity as the Roman Empire's religion was a master stroke by Satan. It has polluted and diluted the living waters of God's true religion, thereby misrepresenting God to the vast majority of the world's population. 

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Emperor Constantine laid the foundation that made false Christianity the empire's religion and so, from that time onward, a whole new set of obstacles faced both Jews and true Christians, although for a long time the Jews' right to keep the Sabbath remained enacted in Roman law.  

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The Fourth Trumpet

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Commencement of Mecca's Islamic rule over Jerusalem (638AD).

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12 Then the fourth angel sounded: And a third of the sun was struck, a third of the moon, and a third of the stars, so that a third of them were darkened (darkness fell over the "earth" (v13) of Jerusalem and Israel when it was conquered by Islam). A third of the day did not shine, and likewise the night. (Approximately one third of the Jews, as well as true Christians, must have been located in countries that came to be under Islamic rule at, or soon after, the time of Jerusalem's conquest. Those who were meant to be a light unto the world were now overshadowed by the darkness of Islam). 

13 And I looked, and I heard an angel flying through the midst of heaven, saying with a loud voice, “Woe, woe, woe to the inhabitants of the earth, because of the remaining blasts of the trumpet of the three angels who are about to sound!”

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This event fulfils and unseals the prophecy of the emergence of the fourth beast, as described in Dan 7:7 and 7:23-24 (the seventh head of the overall Beast power shown in Rev 13 and 17).

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This also leads into the unsealing of the "ten horns" of Dan 7:7 and Dan 7:24, which history shows to have been ten Islamic dynasties which ruled over Jerusalem (for a listing of these, see the page "THE TWO WITNESSES"). 

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In 637 or 638, depending on which sources are relied on, Jerusalem fell to the Islamic forces of Caliph Omar after a four month siege. The city was fortified, but not heavily protected, and was reportedly captured without blood loss after Jerusalem's leader, Patriarch Sophronius, negotiated a surrender. 

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For all their shortcomings, both Judaism and traditional Christianity have in common that they both rely on the Holy Scriptures and consider them to be the Word of God. As such, both religions have an amount of light in them. Islam on the other hand has its own writings which ironically refer to "the people of the book", the "book" being the Holy Scriptures and the "people" referring to both Jews and Christians. Islam contains no light and as such it brought only darkness to Jerusalem and the territories it controlled.

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 It is interesting to note that the practice of making Jews wear distinctive items of clothing was started by the Muslims. Many other restrictions and humiliating indignities were also imposed on them.

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The Fifth Trumpet or First Woe

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The medieval Crusader battles over Jerusalem (1095AD - 1244AD).

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9:1 Then the fifth angel sounded: And I saw a star (Satan) fallen from heaven to the earth (of Israel). To him was given the key to the bottomless pit (to release demons). 

2 And he opened the bottomless pit, and smoke arose out of the pit like the smoke of a great furnace. So the sun and the air were darkened because of the smoke of the pit.

3 Then out of the smoke locusts (armies) came upon the earth (of Israel). And to them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power. 

4 They were commanded not to harm (indiscriminately) the grass of the earth, or any green thing, or any tree (people God is working with), but only those men (among those He is working with) who do not have the seal of God on their foreheads (true Christians have the seal of God, which is the holy spirit (Eph 1:13); however Jews who reject Christ don't have the seal of God. The Jews were the proverbial "meat in the sandwich" during the long period of the Crusades). 

5 And they (the Crusaders and Muslims) were not given authority (by God) to kill them (completely - i.e. annihilate the Jews), but to torment them for five months (a day for a year, so 150 inclusive years of battles over Jerusalem. Pope Urban called the First Crusade to liberate Jerusalem in 1095 and the final battle the Crusaders and the Muslims fought in Jerusalem ended in 1244). Their torment was like the torment of a scorpion when it strikes a man (instantaneous, severe pain, like the result of being struck with a sword). 

6 In those days men (Jews, but not only Jews - see below) will seek death (a martyr's death) and will not find it (they found death, but not the death they were seeking); they will desire to die (a martyr), and (but that) death will flee from them.

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The Crusades were initiated to expel the Muslim occupiers of Jerusalem. Reports had flowed back to Europe about Christian pilgrims being harassed and hindered by the Muslims in the Holy City. Some sources say that this oppression came from Jews as well. One way or another, whenever a Crusade got underway in Europe, it began with severe persecutions of Jews. This involved false conversions, forced baptisms, extortion, displacement of people and widespread murder. Jewish historians record that those Jews who rejected "conversion" and baptism, and chose death instead, introduced a phenomenon that was new to Judaism: "the tradition of freely accepted martydom, Kiddush ha-Shem, martyrdom for the glory of God, thus became the exemplary answer of Jews threatened in their life and faith by the crusaders." See: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-crusades). The concept of martyrdom was of course part and parcel of the spirit of this period in history. The Popes had promised a full remission of sins and a glorious afterlife to the Christian crusaders if they died in their endeavours to liberate Jerusalem. Islam promised those that died fighting its holy wars an afterlife of debauchery in heaven. So we see that on all sides, the martyr's death was sought but not found, as none of these were walking with, or being led by, God.

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7 The shape of the locusts was like horses (both the Crusaders and the Muslims used horses extensively) prepared for battle. On their heads were crowns of something like gold (horses' heads were protected by armour), and their faces were like the faces of men (like men, horses also had metal face plates). 

8 They had hair like women’s hair (braided manes and tails), and their teeth were like lions’ teeth (components of a horse's bridle extending from the bit and protruding downward on either side of the mouth, creating a similar appearance to a lion's two large canine teeth at either side of its mouth.

Compare this image: https://www.britannica.com/science/canine-tooth  

with this one: https://miniset.net/sets/ncm-mmf205358. 

9 And they had breastplates like breastplates of iron (horses' body armour), and the sound of their wings (the clattering of all this armour) was like the sound of chariots, with many horses running into battle. 

10 They had tails like scorpions (lances), and there were stings in their tails. Their power was to hurt men five months (150 years of suffering). 

11 And they had as king over them the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon (lit. "destroyer", i.e. Satan), but in Greek he has the name Apollyon.

12 One woe is past; and, behold, there come two woes more hereafter.

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